Liberty & security of person

Overall, the domestic framework sets out a general rule that deprivation of liberty must be lawful and non-arbitrary, and it builds immigration related detention around defined grounds, notification duties, time limits, and access to judicial review. It also provides a formal toolkit of less restrictive measures, requiring an individualized assessment and, in principle, prioritizing alternatives where they are sufficient. For children, the framework reflects best interests language and targeted safeguards for certain categories, but it does not create a categorical bar on immigration detention of accompanied children.

Beyond detention, domestic law provides formal protections against discrimination, trafficking, gender based violence and other forms of harm. It criminalises trafficking in persons, establishes protection and assistance measures for identified victims, prohibits child recruitment through the structure of military service law and treaty obligations, and provides access in principle to administrative and judicial remedies for victims of crime.

In practicethe protections can be weakened where restrictions on liberty are not formalised in a reviewable decision, making review and remedies harder to trigger. Alternatives to detention may be applied inconsistently or late, and reviews can be formalistic, particularly where public order or security framing dominates. Effective protection, therefore, often depends on practical access to information, interpretation and legal assistance, plus transparent monitoring and accountability in detention settings.