​The Judiciary of Tanzania operates under a hierarchical structure designed to administer justice across both Mainland Tanzania and the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. At the apex is the Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania, established under Article 108 of the 1977 Constitution. This court serves as the final appellate body for both Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, ensuring uniformity in legal interpretations across the union. ​

Beneath the Court of Appeal are the High Courts, each possessing unlimited original jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters within their respective territories. The High Court of Tanzania caters to Mainland Tanzania and is organized into specialized divisions, including the Commercial, Labour, and Land Divisions, to expedite cases in these specific areas. It operates through 14 regional sub-registries, with the main registry located in Dar es Salaam. Conversely, the High Court of Zanzibar functions independently, handling cases pertinent to the Zanzibar archipelago. 

Subordinate to the High Courts are the Resident Magistrates Courts and District Courts, which share concurrent jurisdiction and primarily handle appeals from the lowest tier, the Primary Courts. These Primary Courts are the foundational level of the judiciary, dealing with customary, civil, and criminal cases. In Zanzibar, the judicial system uniquely incorporates Kadhi's Courts, which adjudicate matters of Islamic family law, such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance, applicable exclusively to Muslims. ​

The judiciary maintains independence from the executive and legislative branches, as enshrined in the Constitution, to uphold the rule of law and ensure impartial justice. Judges of the Court of Appeal and the High Courts are appointed by the President, while those in subordinate courts are appointed by the Chief Justice. 

Additionally, Tanzania participates in regional judicial mechanisms, notably the East African Court of Justice (EACJ), which adjudicates matters pertaining to the East African Community (EAC) treaty. The EACJ ensures adherence to law in the interpretation and application of the EAC treaty, with its decisions taking precedence over national courts on similar matters. ​